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Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), was a case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States. [1] The court ruled in an 8–0 decision that Pennsylvania's Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Education Act (represented through David Kurtzman) from 1968 was unconstitutional and in an 8–1 decision that Rhode Island's 1969 Salary Supplement Act was unconstitutional, violating the ...
Lemon was the named lead plaintiff in Lemon v. Kurtzman a 1971 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a Pennsylvania law allowing public tax funds to be paid to parochial schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. [8] It is one of the most highly cited Supreme Court decisions.
Some scholars understand the endorsement test as an addition to standards outlined in Lemon, while others view it as a minimal formulation of Lemon, i.e., that while endorsement may not be the only thing that violates the purpose and effects prongs of the Lemon test, it is the first and most important evidence that such a violation has occurred.
Sawyer was born in Philadelphia in 1918, the son of Henry Washington Sawyer II and his wife, Helen Curet Sawyer. [2] Although he was a Quaker, Sawyer's family had a tradition of military service dating to the Civil War when his immigrant grandfather, the first Henry Washington Sawyer, served in the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Cavalry. [3]
The 12th Politburo, formally the Political Bureau of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV, Vietnamese: Bộ Chính trị Ban Chấp hành trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam Khoá XII), was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee (CC) on 27 January 2016 during the 12th National Congress to serve for a five-year electoral term. [1]
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Kurtzman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alex Kurtzman (born 1973), American film and television screenwriter and producer; David Kurtzman (1904–1977), American university Chancellor; Harvey Kurtzman (1924–1993), American cartoonist and editor of several comic books and magazines
"Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971),[1] was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 8-0 that Pennsylvania's 1968 Nonpublic Elementary and ...