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Stem cells are cells found in all multi-cellular organisms. They were isolated in mice in 1981, and in humans in 1998. [1] In humans there are many types of stem cells, each with varying levels of potency.
The key properties of a stem cell were first defined by Ernest McCulloch and James Till at the University of Toronto and the Ontario Cancer Institute in the early 1960s. They discovered the blood-forming stem cell, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), through their pioneering work in mice. McCulloch and Till began a series of experiments in which ...
1663 – First recorded description of living cells by Robert Hooke.; 1677 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers and describes bacteria and protozoa. 1798 – Edward Jenner uses first viral vaccine to inoculate a child from smallpox.
In 1970, Stevens noticed that the cell populations he was studying that gave rise to teratomas were very similar to the cells of very early embryos. [5] Stevens called these cell types "pluripotent embryonic stem cells." In order to study this phenomenon, Stevens selectively bred strain 129 to select for the teratoma tendency.
An ambitious project launched in 2016 has made a dent in one of biology’s greatest challenges — with more than 3,600 researchers profiling more than 100 million cells.
In 1998, Thomson's Lab was the first to report the successful isolation of human embryonic stem cells. On November 6, 1998, Science published this research in an article titled "Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts", results which Science later featured in its “Scientific Breakthrough of the Year” article, 1999. [3]
There were some state laws concerning stem cells that were passed in the mid-2000s. New Jersey's 2004 S1909/A2840 specifically permitted human cloning for the purpose of developing and harvesting human stem cells, and Missouri's 2006 Amendment Two legalized certain forms of embryonic
Working together, biologists James Till and Ernest McCulloch made contributions to stem cell research by demonstrating the existence of multipotent stem cells in 1961. They helped lay the foundation for modern stem cell biology and regenerative medicine through their work while studying the effects of radiation on the bone marrow of mice at the Ontario Cancer Institute in Toronto.