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Monoterpenes myrcene and sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (binds to the human CB2 cannabinoids receptor) and α-humulene are the most common terpene compounds, and are present in most varieties of cannabis strains. The lack of exact standards makes it sometimes difficult for scientists to classify new terpenes.
A dried cannabis flower. The short-term effects of cannabis are caused by many chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113 [clarification needed] different cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and 120 terpenes, [1] which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body.
Many terpenes have been shown to have pharmacological effects, although most studies are from laboratory research, and clinical research in humans is preliminary. [23] Terpenes are also components of some traditional medicines, such as aromatherapy. [24]
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CBD shares a precursor with THC and is the main cannabinoid in CBD-dominant Cannabis strains. CBD has been shown to play a role in preventing the short-term memory loss associated with THC. [29] There is tentative evidence that CBD has an anti-psychotic effect, but research in this area is limited. [30] [24]
The phrase entourage effect was introduced in 1999. [9] [10] While originally identified as a novel method of endocannabinoid regulation by which multiple endogenous chemical species display a cooperative effect in eliciting a cellular response, the term has evolved to describe the polypharmacy effects of combined cannabis phytochemicals or whole plant extracts. [11]
D’Souza added that cannabis use can have serious impacts on the developing brain because of its effects on the endocannabinoid system, a complex signaling system in the brain that marijuana targets.
Female cannabis plants contain at least 113 cannabinoids, [54] including cannabidiol (CBD), thought to be the major anticonvulsant that helps people with multiple sclerosis, [55] and cannabichromene (CBC), an anti-inflammatory which may contribute to the pain-killing effect of cannabis.