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The search procedure consists of choosing a range of parameter values for s, b, and m, evaluating the sums out to many digits, and then using an integer relation-finding algorithm (typically Helaman Ferguson's PSLQ algorithm) to find a sequence A that adds up those intermediate sums to a well-known constant or perhaps to zero.
Machin-like formulas for π can be constructed by finding a set of integers , =, where all the prime factorisations of + , taken together, use a number of distinct primes , and then using either linear algebra or the LLL basis-reduction algorithm to construct linear combinations of arctangents of . For example, in the Størmer formula ...
The modification to the algorithm does not affect the way the controller responds to process disturbances. Basing proportional action on PV eliminates the instant and possibly very large change in output caused by a sudden change to the setpoint. Depending on the process and tuning this may be beneficial to the response to a setpoint step.
A variant of the spigot approach uses an algorithm which can be used to compute a single arbitrary digit of the transcendental without computing the preceding digits: an example is the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula, a digit extraction algorithm for π which produces base 16 digits. The inevitable truncation of the underlying infinite ...
Borwein's algorithm was devised by Jonathan and Peter Borwein to calculate the value of /. This and other algorithms can be found in the book Pi and the AGM – A Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity .
The Gauss–Legendre algorithm is an algorithm to compute the digits of π. It is notable for being rapidly convergent, with only 25 iterations producing 45 million correct digits of π . However, it has some drawbacks (for example, it is computer memory -intensive) and therefore all record-breaking calculations for many years have used other ...
Simon Plouffe (born June 11, 1956) is a French Canadian mathematician who discovered the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula (BBP algorithm) which permits the computation of the nth binary digit of π, in 1995. [1] [2] [3] His other 2022 formula allows extracting the nth digit of π in decimal. [4] He was born in Saint-Jovite, Quebec.