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Hawaii : islands under the influence. Univ Of Hawai'I Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-5900-8. OCLC 950745426. Ogawa, Dennis M. (1980). Kodomo no tame ni = For the sake of the children : the Japanese American experience in Hawaii. Grant, Glen. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 9780824807306. OCLC 7865082. Okihiro, Gary Y. (1991).
An estimated 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese nationals and American-born Japanese from Hawaii were interned or incarcerated, either in five camps on the islands or in one of the mainland concentration camps, but this represented well-under two percent of the total Japanese American residents in the islands. [192] "No serious explanations were offered ...
Gordon Hirabayashi was convicted in terms of the violation of a curfew imposed at the time, which proclaimed that; . all persons of Japanese ancestry residing in such an area be within their place of residence daily between the hours of 8:00 p. m. and 6:00 a.m. [4]
After the breakout of World War II, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans in the mainland U.S., who mostly lived on the West Coast, were forced into internment camps. However, in Hawai'i, where 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were also interned. [1]
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1893: The San Francisco Board of Education attempts to introduce segregation for Japanese American children, but withdraws the measure following protests by the Japanese government. 1900s: Japanese immigrants begin to lease land and sharecrop. 1902: Yone Noguchi publishes The American Diary of a Japanese Girl, the first Japanese American novel.
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On February 19, 1942, shortly after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 authorizing the forced removal of over 110,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast and into internment camps for the duration of the war.