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In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation. Given two positive numbers a and n , a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n ) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n , where a is the dividend and n is the divisor .
Any set of m integers, no two of which are congruent modulo m, is called a complete residue system modulo m. The least residue system is a complete residue system, and a complete residue system is simply a set containing precisely one representative of each residue class modulo m. [4] For example, the least residue system modulo 4 is {0, 1, 2, 3}.
Perl, Python (only modern versions) choose the remainder with the same sign as the divisor d. [6] Scheme offer two functions, remainder and modulo – Ada and PL/I have mod and rem, while Fortran has mod and modulo; in each case, the former agrees in sign with the dividend, and the latter with the divisor.
Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.
When R is a power of a small positive integer b, N′ can be computed by Hensel's lemma: The inverse of N modulo b is computed by a naïve algorithm (for instance, if b = 2 then the inverse is 1), and Hensel's lemma is used repeatedly to find the inverse modulo higher and higher powers of b, stopping when the inverse modulo R is known; N′ is ...
Implements the mathematical modulo operator. The returned result is always of the same sign as the modulus or nul, and its absolute value is lower than the absolute value of the modulus . However, this template returns 0 if the modulus is nul (this template should never return a division by zero error).
Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Z n; it has φ(n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U(n) or ...