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The misfolding of proteins is a common component of the proposed pathophysiology of many aging-related diseases. However, there is insufficient evidence to prove this. For example, the tau hypothesis for Alzheimer's proposes that tau protein accumulation results in the breakdown of neuron cytoskeletons, leading to Alzheimer's. [24]
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. The hallmarks of aging are the types of biochemical changes that occur in all organisms that experience biological aging and lead to a progressive loss of physiological integrity, impaired function and, eventually, death.
Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older until death. The term refers mainly to humans , many other animals , and fungi; whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal .
Age-related neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis make it difficult to distinguish the normal patterns of aging. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] One of the important differences between normal aging and pathological aging is the location of neurofibrillary tangles.
Senescence (/ s ɪ ˈ n ɛ s ə n s /) or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in death rates or a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's life cycle.
These are examples of how the free-radical theory of aging has been used to neatly "explain" the origin of many chronic diseases. [24] Free radicals that are thought to be involved in the process of aging include superoxide and nitric oxide. [25]
Studies comparing the effects of aging on episodic memory, semantic memory, short-term memory and priming find that episodic memory is especially impaired in normal aging; some types of short-term memory are also impaired. [9] The deficits may be related to impairments seen in the ability to refresh recently processed information. [10]