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This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process.
35th century BC: 34th century BC: 33rd century BC: 32nd century BC: 31st century BC: 3rd millennium BC · 3000–2001 BC 30th century BC: 29th century BC: 28th century BC: 27th century BC: 26th century BC: 25th century BC: 24th century BC: 23rd century BC: 22nd century BC: 21st century BC: 2nd millennium BC · 2000–1001 BC 20th century BC ...
4th century BC - Aristotle invents the system of Aristotelian physics, which is later largely disproved; 4th century BC - Babylonian astronomers calculate Jupiter's position using the Trapezoidal rule [1] 260 BC - Archimedes works out the principle of the lever and connects buoyancy to weight
The conceptual differences between physics theories discussed in the 19th century and those that were most historically prominent in the first decades of the 20th century lead to a characterization of the earlier sciences as "classical physics" while the work based on quantum and relativity theories became known as "modern physics".
1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) pioneers the experimental scientific method and experimental physics in his Book of Optics, where he devises the first scientific experiments on optics, including the first use of the camera obscura to prove that light travels in straight lines and the first experimental proof that visual perception is caused ...
4th century BC: The first true formal system is constructed by Pāṇini in his Sanskrit grammar. [34] [35] 4th century BC: Eudoxus of Cnidus states the Archimedean property. [36] 4th century BC: Thaetetus shows that square roots are either integer or irrational. 4th century BC: Thaetetus enumerates the Platonic solids, an early work in graph ...
The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC and the last century BCE, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero ; however, astronomical year numbering does use a zero, as well as a minus sign, so "2 BC" is equal to "year –1".
4th century BC – Aristotle describes the composition of matter in terms of the four classical elements, founding Aristotelian physics. [10] 1st century AD – Pliny the Elder in his Natural History records the story of Magnes the shepherd who discovered the magnetic properties of some iron stones. [6]