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  2. Obligatory synergies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligatory_synergies

    The extension synergy for the lower extremity includes hip extension, adduction and internal rotation, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion and inversion, and toe plantar flexion. [ 1 ] Note that some muscles are not usually involved in these synergy patterns and include the lattisimus dorsi , teres major , serratus anterior , finger extensors ...

  3. Genu recurvatum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_recurvatum

    Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that the knee bends backwards. In this deformity, excessive extension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint. Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. This deformity is more common in women [citation needed] and people with familial ligamentous laxity. [2]

  4. Joint locking (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_locking_(medicine)

    Complaints of locking sensation in the knee joint can be divided into true locking and pseudo locking. True locking happens when the intra-articular structure (e.g. ligaments) [1] is damaged, or a loose body is present inside the joint, or there is a meniscal tear. The knee can be unlocked by rotating the leg and full movement can be restored.

  5. Knee examination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee_examination

    The normal knee flexion is between 130 and 150 degrees. Any pain, abnormal movement, or crepitus of the patella should be noted. If there is pain or crepitus during active extension of the knee, while the patella is being compressed against the patellofemoral groove, patellofemoral pain syndrome or chondromalacia patellae should be suspected ...

  6. Patellofemoral pain syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellofemoral_pain_syndrome

    Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS; not to be confused with jumper's knee) is knee pain as a result of problems between the kneecap and the femur. [4] The pain is generally in the front of the knee and comes on gradually. [2] [4] Pain may worsen with sitting down with a bent knee for long periods of time, excessive use, or climbing and ...

  7. Sacroiliac joint dysfunction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint_dysfunction

    Over-diagnosis and attention on herniated discs has led to the SI joint becoming an underappreciated pain generator in an estimated 15% to 25% of patients with axial low back pain. [1] [8] [3] [5] [6] [7] The ligaments in the sacroiliac are among the strongest in the body and are not suspected by many clinicians to be susceptible to spraining ...

  8. Back pain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_pain

    Determining if there are radicular symptoms, such as pain, numbness or weakness that radiate down limbs, is important for differentiating between central and peripheral causes of back pain. The straight leg test is a maneuver used to determine the presence of lumbosacral radiculopathy , which occurs when there is irritation in the nerve root ...

  9. Anterior cruciate ligament injury - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament...

    Symptoms include pain, an audible cracking sound during injury, instability of the knee, and joint swelling. [1] Swelling generally appears within a couple of hours. [ 2 ] In approximately 50% of cases, other structures of the knee such as surrounding ligaments , cartilage , or meniscus are damaged.

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