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One effect of publication bias is sometimes called the file-drawer effect, or file-drawer problem. This term suggests that negative results, those that do not support the initial hypotheses of researchers are often "filed away" and go no further than the researchers' file drawers, leading to a bias in published research. [ 13 ]
Control for bias in research reporting can increase trust in the published medical literature and better inform evidence-based clinical practice. Selective reporting of suspected or confirmed adverse treatment effects is an area for particular concern because of the potential for patient harm.
Funding bias, also known as sponsorship bias, funding outcome bias, funding publication bias, and funding effect, refers to the tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies.
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [138]
Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of scholars allowing their beliefs to shape their research and the scientific community. It can refer to several types of scholastic prejudice, e.g., logocentrism , phonocentrism , [ 1 ] ethnocentrism or the belief that some sciences and disciplines rank higher than others.
Implicit bias is the subliminal prejudice that can lead to racism. “Many people use the terms ‘prejudice’ and ‘racism’ interchangeably, but this is inaccurate,” explains Tatum.
A critical aspect of how this bias can come to affect the responses of participants relates to the norms of the society in which the research is taking place. [2] For example, social desirability bias could play a large role if conducting research about an individual's tendency to use drugs.
Further, confirmation biases can sustain scientific theories or research programs in the face of inadequate or even contradictory evidence. [60] [95] The discipline of parapsychology is often cited as an example. [96] An experimenter's confirmation bias can potentially affect which data are reported.