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  2. Object-oriented programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming

    Objects can contain other objects in their instance variables; this is known as object composition. For example, an object in the Employee class might contain (either directly or through a pointer) an object in the Address class, in addition to its own instance variables like "first_name" and "position".

  3. First-class citizen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_citizen

    First and second class objects. In ALGOL, a real number may appear in an expression or be assigned to a variable, and either of them may appear as an actual parameter in a procedure call. A procedure, on the other hand, may only appear in another procedure call either as the operator (the most common case) or as one of the actual parameters.

  4. First-class function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_function

    First-class functions are a necessity for the functional programming style, in which the use of higher-order functions is a standard practice. A simple example of a higher-ordered function is the map function, which takes, as its arguments, a function and a list, and returns the list formed by applying the function to each member of the list.

  5. Smalltalk - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk

    The resulting block object can form a closure: it can access the variables of its enclosing lexical scopes at any time. Blocks are first-class objects. Blocks can be executed by sending them the value message. Compound variations exist to provide parameters to the block e.g., value:value: and valueWithArguments:.

  6. First-order logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic

    First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables. Rather than propositions such as "all men are mortal", in first-order logic one can have expressions in the form "for all x , if x is a man, then x is mortal"; where "for all x" is a quantifier, x is a variable, and "...

  7. Reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference

    A reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. It is called a name for the second object.

  8. Newton's laws of motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion

    Newton's first law expresses the principle of inertia: the natural behavior of a body is to move in a straight line at constant speed. A body's motion preserves the status quo, but external forces can perturb this. The modern understanding of Newton's first law is that no inertial observer is privileged over any other. The concept of an ...

  9. List of first-order theories - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first-order_theories

    Use ordinary first-order logic, but add a new unary predicate "Set", where "Set(t)" means informally "t is a set". Use ordinary first-order logic, and instead of adding a new predicate to the language, treat "Set(t)" as an abbreviation for "∃y t∈y" Some first-order set theories include: Weak theories lacking powersets: