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  2. Arc length - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_length

    Before the full formal development of calculus, the basis for the modern integral form for arc length was independently discovered by Hendrik van Heuraet and Pierre de Fermat. In 1659 van Heuraet published a construction showing that the problem of determining arc length could be transformed into the problem of determining the area under a ...

  3. Calculus of variations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_Variations

    The calculus of variations (or variational calculus) is a field of mathematical analysis that uses variations, ... The arc length of the curve is given by [] = ...

  4. Differentiable curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_curve

    Differential geometry takes another path: curves are represented in a parametrized form, and their geometric properties and various quantities associated with them, such as the curvature and the arc length, are expressed via derivatives and integrals using vector calculus.

  5. Circular segment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_segment

    A circular segment (in green) is enclosed between a secant/chord (the dashed line) and the arc whose endpoints equal the chord's (the arc shown above the green area). In geometry, a circular segment or disk segment (symbol: ⌓) is a region of a disk [1] which is "cut off" from the rest of the disk by a straight line.

  6. Osculating circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculating_circle

    The osculating circle provides a way to understand the local behavior of a curve and is commonly used in differential geometry and calculus. More formally, in differential geometry of curves , the osculating circle of a sufficiently smooth plane curve at a given point p on the curve has been traditionally defined as the circle passing through p ...

  7. Lemniscate of Bernoulli - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemniscate_of_Bernoulli

    The determination of the arc length of arcs of the lemniscate leads to elliptic integrals, as was discovered in the eighteenth century. Around 1800, the elliptic functions inverting those integrals were studied by C. F. Gauss (largely unpublished at the time, but allusions in the notes to his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ).

  8. Line element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_element

    Since is an arbitrary "square of the arc length", completely defines the metric, and it is therefore usually best to consider the expression for as a definition of the metric tensor itself, written in a suggestive but non tensorial notation: = This identification of the square of arc length with the metric is even more easy to see in n-dimensional general curvilinear coordinates q = (q 1, q 2 ...

  9. Curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature

    An intrinsic definition of the Gaussian curvature at a point P is the following: imagine an ant which is tied to P with a short thread of length r. It runs around P while the thread is completely stretched and measures the length C(r) of one complete trip around P. If the surface were flat, the ant would find C(r) = 2πr.

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