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The Reproducibility Project is a series of crowdsourced collaborations aiming to reproduce published scientific studies, finding high rates of results which could not be replicated. It has resulted in two major initiatives focusing on the fields of psychology [ 1 ] and cancer biology. [ 2 ]
Considerations about reproducibility can be placed into two categories. Reproducibility in the narrow sense refers to re-examining and validating the analysis of a given set of data. Replication refers to repeating an existing experiment or study using new, independent data with the goal of verifying the original conclusions.
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability ...
In 2011, Nosek and his collaborators set up the Reproducibility Project, with the aim of trying to replicate the results of 100 psychological experiments published in respected journals in 2008. [4] In 2015, their results were published in Science , and found that only 36 out of the 100 replications showed statistically significant results ...
Here [Ne] refers to the core electrons which are the same as for the element neon (Ne), the last noble gas before phosphorus in the periodic table. The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) have never been measured; predictions are used below.
The organization began with work in reproducibility of psychology research, with the large-scale initiative Reproducibility Project: Psychology. [3] [4] [5] A second reproducibility project for cancer biology research has also been started through a partnership with Science Exchange. [6] In March 2017, the Center published a detailed strategic ...
Example of direct replication and conceptual replication There are two main types of replication in statistics. First, there is a type called “exact replication” (also called "direct replication"), which involves repeating the study as closely as possible to the original to see whether the original results can be precisely reproduced. [ 3 ]
In addition to the element's name, symbol, and atomic number, each element box has a drawing of one of the element's main human uses or natural occurrences. The table is color-coded to show the chemical groupings.