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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a spectrum of autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis, ON) and the spinal cord . [1] [2] [3] Episodes of ON and myelitis can be simultaneous or successive. A relapsing disease course is common, especially in untreated patients. [1] [4]
Some cases of aquaporin-4-seronegative neuromyelitis optica: NMO derived from an antiMOG associated encephalomyelitis, [22] Some cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, specially the recurrent ones (MDEM) [25] Some cases of McDonalds-positive multiple sclerosis [24] [26] [23] [27] isolated optic neuritis or transverse myelitis [24]
Devic's disease and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) (sometimes previously called optic-spinal MS) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or ADEM, a closely related disorder in which a known virus or vaccine triggers autoimmunity against myelin. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, possibly a variant of Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum of diseases Anti-AQP4 diseases , are a group of diseases characterized by auto-antibodies against aquaporin 4 . After the discovery of anti-AQP4 autoantibody in neuromyelitis optica , it was found that it was also present in some patients with other clinically defined diseases, including multiple sclerosis variants ...
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder Myasthenia Gravis The one and a half syndrome is a rare weakness in eye movement affecting both eyes, in which one cannot move laterally at all, and the other can move only in outward direction.
The brain and the spinal cord are the essential components of the central nervous system and it is responsible for the integration of the signals received from the afferent nerves and initiates action.
The myelinoclastic disorders are typically associated with symptoms such as optic neuritis and transverse myelitis, because the demyelinating inflammation can affect the optic nerve or spinal cord. Many are idiopathic. Both myelinoclastic and leukodystrophic modes of disease may result in lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system.
the neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder; multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis (MSON) unclassified optic neuritis (UCON) forms. [4] Medical examination of the optic nerve with an ophthalmoscope may reveal a swollen optic nerve, but the nerve may also appear normal.
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