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The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 kilometres (53 mi), while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near an altitude of 45 kilometres (28 mi) and causes the ozone layer.
1593 – Galileo Galilei invents one of the first thermoscopes, also known as Galileo thermometer [1] 1650 – Otto von Guericke builds the first vacuum pump 1660 – Robert Boyle experimentally discovers Boyle's law, relating the pressure and volume of a gas (published 1662) [2]
This includes the effects of the solar wind, especially on the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. [1] Though physically distinct, space weather is analogous to the terrestrial weather of Earth's atmosphere ( troposphere and stratosphere ).
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
1612 — Santorio Sanctorius makes the first thermometer for medical use. 1617 — Giuseppe Biancani published the first clear diagram of a thermoscope 1624 — The word thermometer (in its French form) first appeared in La Récréation Mathématique by Jean Leurechon, who describes one with a scale of 8 degrees.
2023 – Physicists from US and China discovered a new state of matter called the chiral bose-liquid state [29] 2024 – Harvard researchers working with Quantinuum announced a new phase of matter non-Abelian topological order [30]
The thermopause is the atmospheric boundary of Earth's energy system, located at the top of the thermosphere. [1] The temperature of the thermopause could range from nearly absolute zero to 987.547 °C (1,810 °F).
It is the largest impact event on Earth in recorded history to date. [160] 1909 – Andrija Mohorovičić discovers the Moho discontinuity, the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. [161] 1912 – Alfred Wegener suggests the continental drift hypothesis, that the continents are slowly drifting around the Earth. [162]