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As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality. Arguments may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity", [1] while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they are based on reason and knowledge.
Gerd Gigerenzer has criticized the framing of cognitive biases as errors in judgment, and favors interpreting them as arising from rational deviations from logical thought. [6] Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments.
Irrational behavior can be useful when used tactically in certain conflict, game and escape situations. The moves of an irrational opponent are not (or only very limitedly) predictable. An irrational negotiator cannot be put under rational pressure. [52] An indirect tactic is the rational use of the irrationalism of third parties.
Rationalism has a philosophical history dating from antiquity.The analytical nature of much of philosophical enquiry, the awareness of apparently a priori domains of knowledge such as mathematics, combined with the emphasis of obtaining knowledge through the use of rational faculties (commonly rejecting, for example, direct revelation) have made rationalist themes very prevalent in the history ...
This thought experiment indicates that rationality and normativity coincide since what is rational and what one ought to do depends on the agent's mind after all. [ 40 ] [ 38 ] Some theorists have responded to these thought experiments by distinguishing between normativity and responsibility . [ 38 ]
Of every two contradictorily opposite predicates one must belong to every subject. Truth is the reference of a judgment to something outside it as its sufficient reason or ground. Also: The laws of thought can be most intelligibly expressed thus: Everything that is, exists. Nothing can simultaneously be and not be.
Bounded rationality is the idea that rationality is limited when individuals make decisions, and under these limitations, rational individuals will select a decision that is satisfactory rather than optimal.
Knowledge and truth still exist, just not in the way we thought. Non-justificationism is also accepted by David Miller and Karl Popper. [9] However, not all proponents of critical rationalism oppose justificationism; it is supported most prominently by John W. N. Watkins. In justificationism, criticism consists of trying to show that a claim ...