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Injury in animals is sometimes defined as mechanical damage to anatomical structure, [1] but it has a wider connotation of physical damage with any cause, including drowning, burns, and poisoning. [2] Such damage may result from attempted predation, territorial fights, falls, and abiotic factors. [2]
Major trauma is a severe traumatic injury that has the potential to cause disability or death. Serious traumatic injury most often occurs as a result of traffic collisions. [11] Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death in people under the age of 45. [12] Blunt trauma injuries are caused by the forceful impact of an external object.
Hyper-flexion is a common mechanism of injury in the cervical spine associated with an anterior compression vector and a posterior distraction vector. [18] These injuries are associated with diving injuries, falls and car accidents. [18]
Traumatic brain injury is defined as damage to the brain resulting from external mechanical force, such as rapid acceleration or deceleration, impact, blast waves, or penetration by a projectile. [10] Brain function is temporarily or permanently impaired and structural damage may or may not be detectable with current technology. [11]
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors.
Reperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re-+ perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia).
Inflammation after injury occurs to protect against further damage and starts the healing process. Prolonged inflammation may cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or systemic inflammatory response syndrome. [21] Immediately after injury, the body increases production of glucose through gluconeogenesis and its consumption of fat via lipolysis.
A person's level of injury is defined as the lowest level of full sensation and function. [11] Paraplegia occurs when the legs are affected by the spinal cord damage (in thoracic, lumbar, or sacral injuries), and tetraplegia occurs when all four limbs are affected (cervical damage). [12] SCI is also classified by the degree of impairment.
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