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Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans.
In chemistry, a hydrochloride is an acid salt resulting, or regarded as resulting, from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base (e.g. an amine). An alternative name is chlorhydrate, which comes from French. An archaic alternative name is muriate, derived from hydrochloric acid's ancient name: muriatic acid.
Normal doses are considered safe in pregnancy. [5] No overdosage or toxicity has been reported with this drug. [2] Hydroxocobalamin is the natural form of vitamin B 12 and a member of the cobalamin family of compounds. [6] [7] It is found in both raw and cooked beef, together with other cobalamins. [8]
Small amounts of hydrogen chloride for laboratory use can be generated in an HCl generator by dehydrating hydrochloric acid with either sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride. Alternatively, HCl can be generated by the reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium chloride: [17] NaCl + H 2 SO 4 → NaHSO 4 + HCl↑. This reaction occurs at room ...
[35] [37] [38] The second mechanism that increases the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins is the downregulation of bcl-2 gene transcription. [39] This effect has been observed in HL-60 and NB4 human leukemia cells. [40] [41] In 2003, Japanese researchers discovered that arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis not only through the TNF-α receptor.
Use during pregnancy is typically harmful to the fetus. [4] Hydroxycarbamide is in the antineoplastic family of medications. It is believed to work by blocking the making of DNA. [4] Hydroxycarbamide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1967. [4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6]
The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). [76] Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women. [77]
The five countries with the highest prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy are Ireland (60%), Belarus (47%), Denmark (46%), the UK (41%), and the Russian Federation (37%). [ 29 ] In a recent count, the prevalence of having any FASD disorder was 1 person out of 20, but some people estimate it could be as high as 1 in 7. [ 7 ]