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The olefins contained an EWG nitrile group and varying EDGs and the effect of varying EDGs on the rate of the addition reactions was observed. The process studied was: The process studied was: The rate of the addition reaction was accelerated by the following EDGs in increasing order: H < CH 3 < OCH 2 CH 3 .
Only the dimer form is available for +M effect. However, the dimer form is less stable in a solution. Therefore, the nitroso group is less available to donate electrons. Oppositely, withdrawing electron density is more favourable: (see the picture on the right). The -M effect of the nitroso group. As a result, the nitroso group is a deactivator.
The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid. [2] The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid. The impact of the EWG on pKa decreases with distances from the carboxylic group.
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The Dangerous Substances Directive [1] (as amended) was one of the main European Union laws concerning chemical safety, until its full replacement by the new regulation CLP Regulation (2008), starting in 2016. It was made under Article 100 (Art. 94 in a consolidated version) [2] of the Treaty of Rome.
Based on government tests of pesticide levels, here is the Environmental Working Group’s 2024 list of the produce with the highest and lowest levels of pesticides.
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