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Kidung is a form of Old Javanese poetry. They differ from kakawin in that they use Javanese meters instead of imported Sanskrit ones, and mostly appeared later. The subject matter is based on historical events. Like kakawin, they later became an important source of inspiration for pictorial art. [1]
The first known translation is in Dutch by R. Ng. Poerbatjaraka in 1926; it is deemed to have a few gaps. [11] In 1990, Wiryamartana publishes an Indonesian translation and a lengthy discussion on the transformations of the original text along the centuries. [12] Henry publishes a partial translation in 1981. [13]
Kakawin Sutasoma was written by Tantular during the golden age of the Majapahit empire, in the reign of either Prince Rajasanagara or King Hayam Wuruk.It is not known for certain when the Kakawin was authored, but it is thought most probably between 1365 and 1389. 1365 is the year in which the Kakawin Nagarakretagama was completed, while 1389 is the year in which King Hayam Wuruk died.
Kakawin Arjunawijaya is an Old Javanese poem in poetic meters (kakawin or kavya), written by Mpu Tantular between 1374 and 1379 CE. [1] [2] Manuscripts of this work have been found both in Bali and Java. Another famous kakawin by him is the Sutasoma, which states that Shiva and Buddha are one. [3]
Nagarakretagama palm-leaf manuscript.. The Nagarakretagama or Nagarakṛtāgama, also known as Desawarnana or Deśavarṇana, is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire.
A kakawin stanza consists of four lines. Each line has a set number of syllables per line, set in patterns of long and short syllables based on Sanskrit rules of prosody.A syllable which contains a long vowel is called guru (Sanskrit for "heavy"), while a syllable which contains a short one is called laghu (Sanskrit for "light").
Śiwarātrikalpa (from Śiwarātri, meaning Shiva's night, and kalpa, meaning ritual), also known as the Kakawin Lubdhaka is an Old Javanese Hindu kakawin text written by Mpu Tanakung. This text aimed to spread the observance of Maha Shivaratri from the Vijayanagara Empire , who had given a great impetus to the revival of Saivite Hinduism, to ...
According to the Kakawin Nagarakretagama canto XIII and XIV, the following areas are recognized as conquered or subordinate to Majapahit (referred to as mañcanagara). The conquered states in Java were not mentioned because they were still considered part of the royal "mandala".