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It is approximately 24 hours, 39 minutes, 35 seconds long. A Martian year is approximately 668.6 sols, equivalent to approximately 687 Earth days [1] or 1.88 Earth years. The sol was adopted in 1976 during the Viking Lander missions and is a measure of time mainly used by NASA when, for example, scheduling the use of a Mars rover. [2] [3]
The actual landing site was 0.900778° (19.8 km) east of that, corresponding to 3 minutes and 36 seconds later in local solar time. The date is kept using a mission clock sol count with the landing occurring on Sol 0, corresponding to MSD 47776 (mission time zone); the landing occurred around 16:35 LMST, which is MSD 47777 01:02 AMT.
The basic time periods from which the calendar is constructed are the Martian solar day (sometimes called a sol) and the Martian vernal equinox year.The sol is 39 minutes 35.244 seconds longer than the Terrestrial solar day, and the Martian vernal equinox year is 668.5907 sols in length (which corresponds to 686.9711 days on Earth).
The first satellites designed for long term observation of the Sun from interplanetary space were NASA's Pioneers 6, 7, 8 and 9, which were launched between 1959 and 1968. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field.
As part of the interplanetary magnetic field, the heliosphere shields the Solar System from significant amounts of cosmic ionizing radiation; uncharged gamma rays are, however, not affected. [1] Its name was likely coined by Alexander J. Dessler , who is credited with the first use of the word in the scientific literature in 1967. [ 2 ]
Charon, the largest of Pluto's moons, is sometimes described as part of a binary system with Pluto, as the two bodies orbit a barycenter of gravity above their surfaces (i.e. they appear to "orbit each other"). Orcus (30.3–48.1 AU), is in the same 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune as Pluto, and is the largest such object after Pluto itself ...
Solar cycle 12: 1878 – Dec 3.7 1883 – Dec 124 57 5-0 11-3 Solar cycle 13: 1890 – Mar 8.3 1894 – Jan 147 65 3-10 11-10 Solar cycle 14: 1902 – Jan 4.5 1906 – Feb 107 54 4-1 11-6 Solar cycle 15: 1913 – Jul 2.5 1917 – Aug 176 73 4-1 10-1 Solar cycle 16: 1923 – Aug 9.3 1928 – Apr 130 68 4-8 10-1 Solar cycle 17: 1933 – Sep 5.8 ...
Water cycle showing human influences and major pools (storages) and fluxes. [19] The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" (or in "pools") for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle.