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The speed of light in a locale is always equal to c according to the observer who is there. That is, every infinitesimal region of spacetime may be assigned its own proper time, and the speed of light according to the proper time at that region is always c. This is the case whether or not a given region is occupied by an observer.
Therefore, the movements of the celestial bodies should be modified in the order v/c, where v is the relative speed between the bodies and c is the speed of gravity. The effect of a finite speed of gravity goes to zero as c goes to infinity, but not as 1/c 2 as it does in modern theories.
The effect of gravity on light was then explored by Johann Georg von Soldner (1801), who calculated the amount of deflection of a light ray by the Sun, arriving at the Newtonian answer which is half the value predicted by general relativity. All of this early work assumed that light could slow down and fall, which is inconsistent with the ...
Assuming that the equivalence principle holds, [63] gravity influences the passage of time. Light sent down into a gravity well is blueshifted, whereas light sent in the opposite direction (i.e., climbing out of the gravity well) is redshifted; collectively, these two effects are known as the gravitational frequency shift. More generally ...
Because, according to the general theory, the speed of a light wave depends on the strength of the gravitational potential along its path, these time delays should thereby be increased by almost 2 × 10 −4 sec when the radar pulses pass near the sun. Such a change, equivalent to 60 km in distance, could now be measured over the required path ...
The observation that the solar system is old enough allowed him to put a lower limit on the speed of gravity that turned out to be many orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light. [5] [7] Laplace's estimate for the speed of gravity is not correct in a field theory which respects the principle of relativity.
Any theory of gravity will predict gravitational time dilation if it respects the principle of equivalence. [ 6 ] : 16 This includes Newtonian gravitation. A standard demonstration in general relativity is to show how, in the " Newtonian limit " (i.e. the particles are moving slowly, the gravitational field is weak, and the field is static ...
Maximum speed is finite: No physical object, message or field line can travel faster than the speed of light in vacuum. The effect of gravity can only travel through space at the speed of light, not faster or instantaneously. Mass–energy equivalence: E = mc 2, energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable.