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This amount will vary on the depth of the benthos, and the degree of benthic-pelagic coupling. The benthos in a shallow region will have more available food than the benthos in the deep sea. Because of their reliance on it, microbes may become spatially dependent on detritus in the benthic zone.
Benthic-pelagic coupling are processes that connect the benthic zone and the pelagic zone through the exchange of energy, mass, or nutrients. These processes play a prominent role in both freshwater and marine ecosystems and are influenced by a number of chemical, biological, and physical forces that are crucial to functions from nutrient cycling to energy transfer in food webs.
Benthos (from Ancient Greek βένθος (bénthos) 'the depths [of the sea]'), also known as benthon, is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the bottom of a sea, river, lake, or stream, also known as the benthic zone. [1]
The benthic boundary layer (BBL) represents a few tens of meters of the water column directly above the sea floor [3] and constitutes an important zone of biological activity in the ocean. [4] It plays a vital role in the cycling of matter, and has been called the “endpoint” for sedimenting material, which fuels high metabolic rates for ...
Consequently, these species have short pelagic larval durations and do not disperse long distances. Planktotrophic larvae feed while they are in the water column and can be over a long time pelagic and so disperse over long distances. This disperse ability is a key adaptation of benthic marine invertebrates. [3]
Bottom trawling mixes these pollutants into the plankton ecology where they can move back up the food chain and into our food supply. [25] Phosphorus is often found in high concentration in soft shallow sediments. [26] Resuspending nutrient solids like these can introduce oxygen demand into the water column, and result in oxygen deficient dead ...
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In contrast, the violet snails Janthina prey on Velella, Porpita, and sometimes Physalia [3], though they cannot move or hunt. Instead, Janthina rely on passive contact with their prey. Other species include the nudibranch Glaucus (blue sea dragon), which also feeds on floating hydrozoans [ 18 ] and swallows air to stay afloat.