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A volcanic arc (also known as a magmatic arc [1]: 6.2 ) is a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate, [2] with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above. Volcanic arcs typically parallel an oceanic trench , with the arc located further from the subducting plate than the trench.
The Tonga–Kermadec Ridge is an oceanic ridge in the south-west Pacific Ocean underlying the Tonga–Kermadec island arc.It is a result of the most linear, fastest converging, and seismically active subduction boundary on Earth, the Kermadec–Tonga subduction zone, and consequently has the highest density of submarine volcanoes.
Andesite and basaltic andesite are the most abundant volcanic rock in island arc which is indicative of the calc-alkaline magmas. Some Island arcs have distributed volcanic series as can be seen in the Japanese island arc system where the volcanic rocks change from tholeiite—calc-alkaline—alkaline with increasing distance from the trench. [15]
Nishi-no-shima (Japanese: 西之島, "western island") is a volcanic island located around 940 km (584 mi) south-southeast of Tokyo, [2] that is part of the Volcano Islands arc. Nishinoshima is located about 130 km to the west of the nearest of the Ogasawara islands, hence the name, but the other Ogasawara island groups are aligned north-south.
[1] [2] The islands are all active volcanoes lying atop the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc that stretches south to the Marianas. They have an area of 32.55 square kilometres (12.57 sq mi), and a population of 380. The island of Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands lies about 1,240 kilometres (670 nmi; 771 mi) southeast of Miyazaki. [3]
The South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts are a continuation of the volcanic island arc, formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate. The subducting Pacific Plate created the Kermadec Trench , [2] the second deepest submarine trench , [3] to the east of the islands.
A back-arc above a subduction zone. The back-arc region is the area behind a volcanic arc. [1] In island volcanic arcs, it consists of back-arc basins of oceanic crust with abyssal depths, which may be separated by remnant arcs, similar to island arcs. [1]
The geology of Antigua and Barbuda is part of the Lesser Antilles volcanic island arc. Both islands are the above water limestone "caps" of now inactive volcanoes. The two islands are the surface features of the undersea Barbuda Bank and have karst limestone landscapes. [1] Barbuda is primarily flat and formed from coral reefs.
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