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High doses of caffeine intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage [48] and some major negative pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth or low birth weight. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] A 2020 review called into question the safe levels proposed by the European Food Safety Authority, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ...
Low sodium intake level was a mean of <115 mmol (2645 mg), usual sodium intake was 115-215 mmol (2645–4945 mg), and a high sodium intake was >215 mmol (4945 mg), concluding: "Both low sodium intakes and high sodium intakes are associated with increased mortality, consistent with a U-shaped association between sodium intake and health outcomes".
Low pre-pregnancy BMI increases the risk of low birth weight infants, but the risk can be balanced by an appropriate gestational weight gain from 12.5 to 18.0 kilograms in total, or about 0.5 kilogram each week in the second and third trimesters. [3]
The authors of this analysis suggest a redesign of the dietary guidelines for salt intake is needed. [36] A Committee of the National Academies Institute of Medicine evaluated the evidence about dietary salt intake and health. Overall, the committee found evidence that higher salt intake was associate with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Possible mechanisms by which high dietary potassium intake reduces the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease have been proposed but remain insufficiently studied. [37] However, studies have found a strong inverse association between long-term adequate to high rates of potassium intake and the development of cardiovascular diseases. [37]
What are the risks of pregnancy at 35 or older? As we age, we run the risk of developing chronic health conditions, like high blood pressure , obesity , or diabetes , says Yun.
Estimated sodium intake ≥6 g/day and <3 g/day are both associated with high risk of death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between high sodium intake and adverse outcomes is only observed in people with hypertension. [103]
An unhealthy diet, which includes excessive consumption of unhealthy food, is a recognized risk factor for hypertension. A balanced diet is recommended for both its prevention and control. [20] Dietary sodium intake also contributes to blood pressure. Approximately one third of the essential hypertensive population is responsive to sodium intake.