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In direct steam distillation, the starting material is suspended above the water in the boiling flask, supported by a metal mesh or perforated screen. In dry steam distillation , the steam from a boiler is forced to flow through the starting material in a separate container.
Where Q d is the steam quantity at ejector delivery, Q s at ejector suction and Q m is the motive steam quantity. For this reason, a thermocompression evaporator often features a vapor condenser , due to the possible excess of steam necessary for the compression if compared with the steam required to evaporate the solution.
In a typical phase diagram, the boundary between gas and liquid runs from the triple point to the critical point. Regular drying is the green arrow, while supercritical drying is the red arrow and freeze drying is the blue. The following are some general methods of drying: Application of hot air (convective or direct drying). Air heating ...
The proper time and temperature for dry heat sterilization is 160 °C (320 °F) for 2 hours or 170 °C (340 °F) for 1 hour, and in the case of High Velocity Hot Air sterilisers, 190°C (375°F) for 6 to 12 minutes. [3] Items should be dry before sterilization since water will interfere with the process.
The steam turbine operates on basic principles of thermodynamics using the part 3-4 of the Rankine cycle shown in the adjoining diagram. Superheated steam (or dry saturated steam, depending on application) leaves the boiler at high temperature and high pressure. At entry to the turbine, the steam gains kinetic energy by passing through a nozzle ...
The hot gases are directed along a series of fire tubes, or flues, that penetrate the boiler and heat the water thereby generating saturated ("wet") steam. The steam rises to the highest point of the boiler, the steam dome, where it is collected. The dome is the site of the regulator that controls the exit of steam from the boiler.
A simplified diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station. The superheater is the element 19. In many applications, a turbine will make more efficient use of steam energy than a reciprocating engine. However, saturated ("wet") steam at boiling point may contain, or condense into, liquid water droplets, which can cause damage to turbine blades.
The Mollier enthalpy–entropy diagram for water and steam. The "dryness fraction", x , gives the fraction by mass of gaseous water in the wet region, the remainder being droplets of liquid. An enthalpy–entropy chart , also known as the H – S chart or Mollier diagram , plots the total heat against entropy, [ 1 ] describing the enthalpy of a ...