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A permutation matrix is a (0, 1)-matrix, all of whose columns and rows each have exactly one nonzero element.. A Costas array is a special case of a permutation matrix.; An incidence matrix in combinatorics and finite geometry has ones to indicate incidence between points (or vertices) and lines of a geometry, blocks of a block design, or edges of a graph.
Another form of logic puzzle, popular among puzzle enthusiasts and available in magazines dedicated to the subject, is a format in which the set-up to a scenario is given, as well as the object (for example, determine who brought what dog to a dog show, and what breed each dog was), certain clues are given ("neither Misty nor Rex is the German Shepherd"), and then the reader fills out a matrix ...
The Logical Foundations of Induction (Arabic: الأسس المنطقية للاستقراء) is a philosophical book by the Shia jurisprudent and philosopher Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. The book is al-Sadr's attempt to deal with the problem of induction , and ultimately establish a common rational logical foundation and ground for the ...
The first original Arabic writings on logic were produced by al-Kindi (Alkindus) (805–873), who produced a summary on earlier logic up to his time. The first writings on logic with non-Aristotelian elements was produced by al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950), who discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and ...
Squaring the circle, the impossible problem of constructing a square with the same area as a given circle, using only a compass and straightedge. [7] Three cups problem – Turn three cups right-side up after starting with one wrong and turning two at a time. [8]
The book "Al-Nijat min al-Qarq fi Bahr al-Zalalaat" written in Arabic and includes a course of theoretical philosophy (logic, physics, mathematics and theology).According to some researchers, "Al-Nijat" is a selection from The Book of Healing.
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The core of the Logical Framework is the "temporal logic model" that runs through the matrix. This takes the form of a series of connected propositions: If these Activities are implemented, and these Assumptions hold, then these Outputs will be delivered. If these Outputs are delivered, and these Assumptions hold, then this Purpose will be ...