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Polyphenols (/ ˌ p ɒ l i ˈ f iː n oʊ l,-n ɒ l /) are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. [1] They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. [1] [2] [3] Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, fulfilling many functions. [1] They are the most important plant pigments for flower coloration, producing yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals designed to attract pollinator animals. In higher plants, they are involved in UV filtration, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and floral pigmentation.
Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. Phenol – the simplest of the phenols Chemical structure of salicylic acid, the active metabolite of aspirin. Phenols are both synthesized industrially and produced by plants and microorganisms. [2]
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of condensed tannins.
The main source of polyphenols is dietary, since they are found in a wide array of phytochemical-bearing foods.For example, honey; most legumes; fruits such as apples, blackberries, blueberries, cantaloupe, pomegranate, cherries, cranberries, grapes, pears, plums, raspberries, aronia berries, and strawberries (berries in general have high polyphenol content [5]) and vegetables such as broccoli ...
Others, such as some polyphenols and flavonoids, may be pro-oxidants in high ingested amounts. [23] Non-digestible dietary fibers from plant foods, often considered as a phytochemical, [24] are now generally regarded as a nutrient group having approved health claims for reducing the risk of some types of cancer [25] and coronary heart disease. [26]
1 Formation and functions. 2 Discovery. 3 ... organelles found in plant cells of vascular plants. ... for synthesizing and producing condensed tannins and polyphenols.
C 6-C 7-C 6 Diarylheptanoids are not included in this Harborne classification.. They can also be classified on the basis of their number of phenol groups. They can therefore be called simple phenols or monophenols, with only one phenolic group, or di-(bi-), tri-and oligophenols, with two, three or several phenolic groups respectively.