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Throughout history, peoples on the territory of modern Kazakhstan had nomadic lifestyle, which developed and influenced Kazakh culture. Human activity in the region began with the extinct Pithecanthropus and Sinanthropus one million–800,000 years ago in the Karatau Mountains and the Caspian and Balkhash areas.
Language proficiency by age group. Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country. Kazakh (part of the Kipchak sub-branch of the Turkic languages) is proficiently spoken by 80.1% of the population according to 2021 census, and has the status of "state language". Russian, on the other hand, is spoken by 83.7% as of 2021. [1]
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After the administrative reform in 1997, the last change happened since then took place in 1999, when parts of North Kazakhstan that originally belonged to Kokshetau region became part of Akmola. The 1990s merges were in order to dilute the Russian population in the resulting region and to avoid having regions where Russians form a majority.
Kazakhstan, [d] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, [e] is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a small portion situated in Eastern Europe. [f] It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea.
It is the largest dry steppe region on earth, covering approximately 804,450 km 2 (310,600 sq mi). [1] The Kazakh Steppe lies at the southern end of the Ural Mountains, the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia. Much of the steppe is considered to be semi-desert, grading into desert as one goes further south. [2]
Kazakhstan allows freedom of religion, and many different beliefs are represented in the country. Islam is the primary religion, followed by Orthodox Christianity . The official language is Kazakh , though Russian is still commonly and most widely used for everyday communication.
The Kazakh language traces its origins to the 15th and 16th centuries, evolving from the language of the Central Asian Kipchaks. [20] The development of a distinct literary form of Kazakh began in the latter half of the 19th century, influenced by prominent poets and educators such as Abai Kunanbayev and Ibray Altynsarin, alongside the rich ...