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In Prehistoric and Ancient Mesopotamia, the climate was cooler than in Egypt or the Indus Valley, meaning that the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were very different from the deserts of today; in the highlands there were bands of forest interspersed with steppes and savannas rich in flora and abounding with goats, boars, deers, and fox.
The study of ancient Mesopotamian architecture is based on available archaeological evidence, pictorial representation of buildings, and texts on building practices. According to Archibald Sayce , the primitive pictographs of the Uruk period era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals.
The Burney Relief (also known as the Queen of the Night relief) is a Mesopotamian terracotta plaque in high relief of the Isin-Larsa period or Old-Babylonian period, depicting a winged, nude, goddess-like figure with bird's talons, flanked by owls, and perched upon two lions.
Bucket and cone refer to twin attributes that are frequently held in the hands of winged genies depicted in the art of Mesopotamia, and within the context of Ancient Mesopotamian religion. The iconography is particularly frequent in art from the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BCE), and especially Assyrian palace reliefs from this period.
The rise of empires, beginning with Sargon of Akkad around 2350 BC, characterized the subsequent 2,000 years of Mesopotamian history, marked by the succession of kingdoms and empires such as the Akkadian Empire. The early second millennium BC saw the polarization of Mesopotamian society into Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south
The names of over 3,000 Mesopotamian deities have been recovered from cuneiform texts. [19] [16] Many of these are from lengthy lists of deities compiled by ancient Mesopotamian scribes. [19] [20] The longest of these lists is a text entitled An = Anum, a Babylonian scholarly work listing the names of over 2,000 deities.
A ziggurat (/ ˈ z ɪ ɡ ʊ ˌ r æ t /; Cuneiform: 𒅆𒂍𒉪, Akkadian: ziqqurratum, [2] D-stem of zaqārum 'to protrude, to build high', [3] cognate with other Semitic languages like Hebrew zaqar (זָקַר) 'protrude' [4] [5]) is a type of massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia. It has the form of a terraced compound of ...
Statue of Iku-Shamagan, King of Mari, wearing the Kaunakes. c. 2500 BCE.. A kaunakes [1] (Ancient Greek: καυνάκης, romanized: kaunákēs, or γαυνάκης; Classical Syriac: ܓܘܢܟܐ, romanized: gawnɘḵā; [2] [3] Akkadian: 𒌆𒄖𒅘𒆪 TÚG GU-NAK-KU; or persis; or Latin: gaunaca or gausapa) [4] [5] was a woollen mantle associated with ancient Mesopotamia and Persia.