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A Wiggers diagram, named after its developer, Carl Wiggers, is a unique diagram that has been used in teaching cardiac physiology for more than a century. [1] [2] In the Wiggers diagram, the X-axis is used to plot time subdivided into the cardiac phases, while the Y-axis typically contains the following on a single grid: Blood pressure. Aortic ...
[3] [6] This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. [3] [6] From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. [3] [6] The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation. [3] [6]
In vertebrates, the circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the body. [1] [2] It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart, and Latin vascula meaning vessels).
Blood resistance varies depending on blood viscosity and its plugged flow (or sheath flow since they are complementary across the vessel section) size as well, and on the size of the vessels. Assuming steady, laminar flow in the vessel, the blood vessels behavior is similar to that of a pipe.
The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers—just before the return of the systole (contractions), ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle. [8] (See Wiggers diagram: "Ventricular volume" tracing (red), at "Systole" panel.)
Since blood flows from high to low pressure systems, the direction of blood flow across the ductus arteriosus reverses. As the oxygen-rich blood from the aorta flows across the ductus arteriosus to the pulmonary artery, the ductus arteriosus will constrict in response to the high oxygen content of the blood.
The adaptive flow that the circle of Willis introduces can also lead to reduced cerebral perfusion. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In subclavian steal syndrome , blood is "stolen" from the vertebral artery on the affected side to preserve blood flow to the upper limb .