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Children's work and welfare, 1780-1890 (Cambridge UP. 1995.) Humphries, Jane. Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge UP, 2011). Lichtenstein, Matty R. "Agents of reform: Child labor and the origins of the welfare state" British Journal of Sociology (2024) 75#4 pp.668-670. Nardinelli, Clark.
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour. Industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates. These cities drew in ...
Child labor in the United States was a common phenomenon across the economy in the 19th century. Outside agriculture, it gradually declined in the early 20th century, except in the South which added children in textile and other industries. Child labor remained common in the agricultural sector until compulsory school laws were enacted by the ...
"Child Labour during the Industrial Revolution" in Encyclopedia of British History; W.R. Cornish and G. de N. Clark. Law and Society in England 1750–1950. (Available online here). Finer, Samuel Edward. The life and times of Sir Edwin Chadwick (1952) excerpt pp 50–68. Peacock, Alan E. "The successful prosecution of the Factory Acts, 1833-55."
Although child labour was common in pre-industrial times, children would generally help their parents with the farming or cottage crafts. By the late 18th century, however, children were specially employed at the factories and mines and as chimney sweeps, [38] often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay. [39]
Child labour increased during the Industrial Revolution due to the children's abilities to access smaller spaces and the ability to pay children less wages. In 1839 Prussia was the first country to pass laws restricting child labor in factories and setting the number of hours a child could work, [ 1 ] although a child labour law was passed was ...
The labour of children in Italy was until 1902 regulated in the main by a law of 1886, but a royal decree of 1899 strengthened it by classing night work for children under 12 years as " injurious," such work being thereby generally prohibited for them, though exceptions are admitted; at the same time it was laid down that children from 12 to 15 ...
Many children suffered serious injuries while under the mules, with fingers, hands, and sometimes heads crushed by the heavy moving parts. Legislation introduced in 1819 tried to reduce working hours and improve conditions but there were still deaths recorded well beyond the middle of the 19th century.