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  2. Exponentiation by squaring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring

    The method is based on the observation that, for any integer >, one has: = {() /, /,. If the exponent n is zero then the answer is 1. If the exponent is negative then we can reuse the previous formula by rewriting the value using a positive exponent.

  3. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted b n, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. [1] When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, b n is the product of multiplying n bases: [1] = ⏟.

  4. List of integer sequences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integer_sequences

    A number that has the same number of digits as the number of digits in its prime factorization, including exponents but excluding exponents equal to 1. A046758 Extravagant numbers

  5. Math library - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_library

    Range reduction (also argument reduction, domain-spltting) is the first step for any function, after checks for unusual values (infinity and NaN) are performed.The goal here is to reduce the domain of the argument for the polynomial to process, using the function's symmetry and periodicity (if any), setting flags to indicate e.g. whether to negate the result in the end (if needed).

  6. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

    Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.

  7. Knuth's up-arrow notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth's_up-arrow_notation

    The sequence starts with a unary operation (the successor function with n = 0), and continues with the binary operations of addition (n = 1), multiplication (n = 2), exponentiation (n = 3), tetration (n = 4), pentation (n = 5), etc. Various notations have been used to represent hyperoperations.

  8. Double-precision floating-point format - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating...

    Exponent: 11 bits; Significand precision: 53 bits (52 explicitly stored) The sign bit determines the sign of the number (including when this number is zero, which is signed). The exponent field is an 11-bit unsigned integer from 0 to 2047, in biased form: an exponent value of 1023 represents the actual zero. Exponents range from −1022 to ...

  9. Exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

    In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. The exponential of a variable ⁠ ⁠ is denoted ⁠ ⁡ ⁠ or ⁠ ⁠, with the two notations used interchangeably.