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The only geometric series that is a unit series and also has terms of a generalized Fibonacci sequence has the golden ratio as its initial term and the conjugate golden ratio as its common ratio. It is a unit series because a + r = 1 and | r | < 1, it is a generalized Fibonacci sequence because 1 + r = r 2 , and it is an alternating series ...
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
For the angle α, the sine function gives the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse.. To define the sine and cosine of an acute angle , start with a right triangle that contains an angle of measure ; in the accompanying figure, angle in a right triangle is the angle of interest.
69.32 ± 0.80: WMAP (9 years), combined with other measurements [146] 2010 70.4 +1.3 −1.4: WMAP (7 years), combined with other measurements [147] These values arise from fitting a combination of WMAP and other cosmological data to the simplest version of the ΛCDM model.
In this example, the ratio of adjacent terms in the blue sequence converges to L=1/2. We choose r = (L+1)/2 = 3/4. Then the blue sequence is dominated by the red sequence r k for all n ≥ 2. The red sequence converges, so the blue sequence does as well. Below is a proof of the validity of the generalized ratio test.
The golden ratio φ and its negative reciprocal −φ −1 are the two roots of the quadratic polynomial x 2 − x − 1. The golden ratio's negative −φ and reciprocal φ −1 are the two roots of the quadratic polynomial x 2 + x − 1. The golden ratio is also an algebraic number and even an algebraic integer. It has minimal polynomial
As for fractions, the simplest form is considered that in which the numbers in the ratio are the smallest possible integers. Thus, the ratio 40:60 is equivalent in meaning to the ratio 2:3, the latter being obtained from the former by dividing both quantities by 20. Mathematically, we write 40:60 = 2:3, or equivalently 40:60∷2:3.
The surface-area-to-volume ratio has physical dimension inverse length (L −1) and is therefore expressed in units of inverse metre (m -1) or its prefixed unit multiples and submultiples. As an example, a cube with sides of length 1 cm will have a surface area of 6 cm 2 and a volume of 1 cm 3. The surface to volume ratio for this cube is thus.