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Quinine is a flavor component of tonic water and bitter lemon drink mixers. On the soda gun behind many bars, tonic water is designated by the letter "Q" representing quinine. [27] Tonic water was initially marketed as a means of delivering quinine to consumers in order to offer anti-malarial protection.
As a result of the lower quinine content, tonic water is less bitter. It is also usually sweetened, often with the addition of high-fructose corn syrup or sugar. Some manufacturers also produce diet (or "slimline") tonic water, which may contain artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame. Traditional-style tonic water with high amounts of quinine ...
While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously. Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world. Quinine is also used as an ingredient in tonic water and other beverages to impart a bitter taste.
Its signature taste is a result of inherently bitter lemon pith being reinforced by the bitter alkaloid quinine. The principal difference between tonic water and bitter lemon is the lemon juice, pith, and peel. The juice adds sour, offset by additional sweetener, and the oily peel fragrance. The generic bitter lemon drink dates back to 1834. [1]
The false positive rate (FPR) is the proportion of all negatives that still yield positive test outcomes, i.e., the conditional probability of a positive test result given an event that was not present. The false positive rate is equal to the significance level. The specificity of the test is equal to 1 minus the false positive rate.
False negative readings can occur when testing is done too early. hCG levels rise rapidly in early pregnancy and the chances of false negative test results diminish with time (increasing gestational age). [24] Less sensitive urine tests and qualitative blood tests may not detect pregnancy until three or four days after implantation. [25]
Priestley published a pamphlet on "Impregnating Water with Fixed Air" (1772), and sold the rights for his process to Jacob Schweppe in 1783, who developed a profitable business of "tonic water". However, the quinine article states that "tonic water" has existed since ancient times (i.e., that Peruvians used cinchona-bark tea to avoid shivering ...
Quinine has not been shown to reduce the duration (length) of a muscle cramp. [6] Quinine treatment may lead to haematologic and cardiac toxicity. Due to its low effectiveness and negative side effects, its use as a medication for treating muscle cramps is not recommended by the FDA. [26] Magnesium is commonly used to treat muscle cramps.