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Well differentiated is given a grade of 1, moderate is grade 2, while poor or undifferentiated is given a higher grade of 3 or 4 (depending upon the scale used). The Nottingham system [ 12 ] is recommended for breast cancer grading. [ 13 ]
Each feature is scored on a three-point scale, with a higher score indicating less healthy looking tissue. A grade is assigned based on the sum of the three scores. Combined scores of 3, 4, or 5 represent grade 1, a slower-growing cancer. Scores of 6 or 7 represent grade 2. Scores of 8 or 9 represent grade 3, a faster-growing, more aggressive ...
Grading in cancer is distinguished from staging, which is a measure of the extent to which the cancer has spread. Pathology grading systems classify the microscopic cell appearance abnormality and deviations in their rate of growth with the goal of predicting developments at tissue level (see also the 4 major histological changes in dysplasia ).
[3] [4] It is also the most common form of breast cancer occurring in men, accounting for 85% of cases. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The incidence of ductal carcinomas as a whole is 86.3 cases per 100,000 women, with the incidence increasing sharply for women over 40 years of age and peaking at 285.6 cases per 100,000 for women between 70 and 79.
Triple-negative breast cancer comprises 15–20% of all breast cancer cases [3] and affects more young women or women with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene than other breast cancers. [4] Triple-negative breast cancers comprise a very heterogeneous group of cancers. TNBC is the most challenging breast cancer type to treat. [5]
Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. [5] It is most common in women over age 50. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. [6]
Mammography is a common screening method, since it is relatively fast and widely available in developed countries. Mammography is a type of radiography used on the breasts. . It is typically used for two purposes: to aid in the diagnosis of a woman who is experiencing symptoms or has been called back for follow-up views (called diagnostic mammography), and for medical screening of apparently ...
Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women. [note 1] Breast cancer comprises 22.9% of invasive cancers in women [2] and 16% of all female cancers. [3] In 2008, breast cancer caused 458,503 deaths worldwide, which is 13.7% of cancer deaths in women and 6.0% of all cancer deaths for men and women together. [2]