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Merton believed that it is multiple discoveries, rather than unique ones, that represent the common pattern in science. [4] Merton contrasted a "multiple" with a "singleton"—a discovery that has been made uniquely by a single scientist or group of scientists working together. [5] The distinction may blur as science becomes increasingly ...
Example of the early Greek symbol for zero (lower right corner) from a 2nd-century papyrus; 499: Aryabhata gives a new symbol for zero and uses it for the decimal system. 499: Aryabhata discovers the formula for the square-pyramidal numbers (the sums of consecutive square numbers). [80]
Below are discoveries in science that involve chance circumstances in a particularly salient way. This page should not list all chance involved in all discoveries (i.e. it should focus on discoveries reported for their notable circumstances).
1121 – Al-Khazini makes extensive use of the experimental method to prove his theories on mechanics in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) is the first physician to carry out human postmortem dissections and autopsies.
Charles Darwin demonstrates evolution by natural selection using many examples (1859). Louis Pasteur uses S-shaped flasks to prevent spores from contaminating broth. This disproves the theory of Spontaneous generation (1861) extending the rancid meat experiment of Francesco Redi (1668) to the micro scale.
List of forms of electricity named after scientists; List of engineering blunders; Eppendorf & Science Prize for Neurobiology; List of scientific equations named after people; List of types of equilibrium; List of members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts; List of existing technologies predicted in science fiction; List of experiments
This list includes well-known general theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history that have since been superseded by other scientific theories. Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus , but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and ...
An example of luck in science is when drugs under investigation become known for different, unexpected uses. This was the case for minoxidil (an antihypertensive vasodilator that was subsequently found to also slow hair loss and promote hair regrowth in some people) and for sildenafil (a medicine for pulmonary arterial hypertension , now ...