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The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declared its independence from King Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581, with the Act of Abjuration, and became the Batavian Republic in 1795. The Kingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806. Switzerland: 24 October 1648: Switzerland became independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of ...
Rome became the capital of the Italian Republic (established in 1946). With a population of 4.4 million (as of 2015; 2.9 million within city limits), it is the largest city in Italy. It is among the largest urban areas of the European Union and classified as a global city.
The "Capitoline Brutus", a bust possibly depicting Lucius Junius Brutus, who led the revolt against Rome's last king and was a founder of the Republic. Animated overview of the Roman territorial history from the Roman Republic until the fall of its last remnant the Byzantine Empire in 1453 at the end of the post-classical era.
In 1871, Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, which, in 1946, became the Italian Republic. In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world, with 8.6 million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union, and the most popular tourist destination in Italy. [16]
Shortly after the founding of the Republic, the Centuriate Assembly became the principle Roman assembly in which magistrates were elected, laws were passed, and trials occurred. During his consulship in 509 BC, Publius Valerius Publicola enacted a law (the lex Valeria ) which guaranteed due process rights to every Roman citizen.
[3] [4] Rome was founded as a kingdom in 753 BC and became a republic in 509 BC. The Roman Republic then unified Italy forming a confederation of the Italic peoples and rose to dominate Western Europe, Northern Africa, and the Near East.
Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic, when the state began to provide a grain dole (Cura Annonae) to citizens who registered for it [308] (about 200,000–250,000 adult males in Rome). [311]
The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of uncodified norms and customs which, [1] together with various written laws, [2] guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic. The constitution emerged from that of the Roman Kingdom , evolved substantively and significantly – almost to the point of unrecognisability [ 3 ] – over ...