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A second-order tensor can be expressed as = = = = The components S ij are called the contravariant components, S i j the mixed right-covariant components, S i j the mixed left-covariant components, and S ij the covariant components of the second-order tensor.
The tensor product of V and its dual space is isomorphic to the space of linear maps from V to V: a dyadic tensor vf is simply the linear map sending any w in V to f(w)v. When V is Euclidean n-space, we can use the inner product to identify the dual space with V itself, making a dyadic tensor an elementary tensor product of two vectors in ...
For example, in a fixed basis, a standard linear map that maps a vector to a vector, is represented by a matrix (a 2-dimensional array), and therefore is a 2nd-order tensor. A simple vector can be represented as a 1-dimensional array, and is therefore a 1st-order tensor. Scalars are simple numbers and are thus 0th-order tensors.
A dyadic tensor T is an order-2 tensor formed by the tensor product ⊗ of two Cartesian vectors a and b, written T = a ⊗ b.Analogous to vectors, it can be written as a linear combination of the tensor basis e x ⊗ e x ≡ e xx, e x ⊗ e y ≡ e xy, ..., e z ⊗ e z ≡ e zz (the right-hand side of each identity is only an abbreviation, nothing more):
Write down the second order tensor in matrix form (in the example, the stress tensor) Strike out the diagonal; Continue on the third column; Go back to the first element along the first row. Voigt indexes are numbered consecutively from the starting point to the end (in the example, the numbers in blue).
It can be shown that the stress tensor is a contravariant second order tensor, which is a statement of how it transforms under a change of the coordinate system. From an x i -system to an x i ' -system, the components σ ij in the initial system are transformed into the components σ ij ' in the new system according to the tensor transformation ...
A property of that holds for all smooth forms is that the second exterior derivative of any vanishes identically: = (). This can be established directly from the definition of d {\displaystyle d} and the equality of mixed second-order partial derivatives of C 2 {\displaystyle C^{2}} functions ( see the article on closed and exact forms for ...
Let A be continuously differentiable second-order tensor field defined as follows: = [] the divergence in cartesian coordinate system is a first-order tensor field [3] and can be defined in two ways: [4]