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This led to the fetal origins hypothesis of the origins of adult diseases, which proposed that this relationship was caused by differences in early life nutrition, with a supporting theory that birthweight is connected to the development of chronic disease. [7] During the Dutch Hunger Winter Famine (1944-1945) [8] mothers were not able to ...
The concept of human development expands upon the notion of economic development to include social, political and even ethical dimensions.Since the mid-twentieth century, international organisations such as the United Nations and the World Bank have adopted human development as a holistic approach to evaluating a country’s progress that considers living conditions, social relations ...
Sex-specific effects can be due to parental imprinting, a process that results in allele-specific differences in transcription, DNA methylation, and DNA replication timing. Imprinting is an important process in human development, and its deregulation can cause certain defined disease states of other imprinted human disease loci.
Diseases of poverty, also known as poverty-related diseases, are diseases that are more prevalent in low-income populations. [1] They include infectious diseases, as well as diseases related to malnutrition and poor health behaviour. Poverty is one of the major social determinants of health.
The majority of these individuals were located in developing nations such as Africa, Asia and Latin America. It is believed that today, one in every nine individuals do not have an adequate access to food. [7] Hunger and malnutrition have now been identified as the cause of more deaths worldwide than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. [8]
Bubonic plague is a variant of the deadly flea-borne disease plague, which is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis, that devastated human populations beginning in the 14th century. Bubonic plague is primarily spread by fleas that lived on the black rat , an animal that originated in South Asia and spread to Europe by the 6th century.
One of the most significant developments in hunger research since the Cannon-Washburn experiment is the recognition of hunger's multifactorial nature. Modern studies have revealed a complex interplay of hormonal, neural, and metabolic factors that contribute to the sensation of hunger and the regulation of food intake.
The term inanition [2] refers to the symptoms and effects of starvation. Starvation by outside forces is a crime according to international criminal law and may also be used as a means of torture or execution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hunger is the single gravest threat to the world's public health.