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An example of upregulation is the response of liver cells exposed to such xenobiotic molecules as dioxin. In this situation, the cells increase their production of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which in turn increases degradation of these dioxin molecules. Downregulation or upregulation of an RNA or protein may also arise by an epigenetic alteration ...
myc+Proto-Oncogene+Proteins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4 Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
The increase in the number of receptors is due to the increased expression of receptors after prolonged inhibition. The upregulation of receptors is important in the clinical aspect. One example of upregulation of receptors is the upregulation of β-receptors caused by β receptor antagonists (also called β-blocker). The prolonged use of β ...
Most notably, excitotoxic events involving NMDA receptors have been linked to Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as with other medical conditions such as strokes and epilepsy. [ 53 ] [ 72 ] Treating these conditions with one of the many known NMDA receptor antagonists, however, leads to a variety of unwanted side effects ...
Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. Excessive chronic production of inflammatory cytokines contribute to inflammatory diseases , that have been linked to different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer .
PPARG increases insulin sensitivity by enhancing storage of fatty acids in fat cells (reducing lipotoxicity), by enhancing adiponectin release from fat cells, by inducing FGF21, [12] and by enhancing nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate production through upregulation of the CD38 enzyme. [13]
For example, Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90 (the most widely studied HSPs) refer to families of heat shock proteins on the order of 60, 70 and 90 kilodaltons in size, respectively. [7] The small 8-kilodalton protein ubiquitin , which marks proteins for degradation, also has features of a heat shock protein. [ 8 ]
An important example is that the proapoptotic protein CHOP (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), is upregulated downstream of the bZIP transcription factor ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and uniquely responsive to ER stress. [26]