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In another study on poverty, Wilfred Beckerman estimated that 9.9% of the British population lived below a standardised poverty line in 1973, compared with 6.1% of the population of Belgium. [ 15 ] Low pay was also a major cause of poverty, [ 16 ] [ 17 ] with a report by the TUC in 1968 finding that about 5 million females and about 2.5 million ...
Unemployment was the dominant issue of British society during the interwar years. [1] Unemployment levels rarely dipped below 1,000,000 and reached a peak of more than 3,000,000 in 1933, a figure which represented more than 20% of the working population. The unemployment rate was even higher in areas including South Wales and Liverpool. [1]
The Evolution of British Social Policy and the Welfare State, c. 1800–1993 (Keele University Press. 1995). online; Levine-Clark, Marjorie. Unemployment, Welfare, and Masculine Citizenship: So Much Honest Poverty in Britain, 1870–1930 (Springer, 2015). Lowe, Rodney. "The Second World War, consensus, and the foundation of the welfare state."
British investment abroad doubled in the Edwardian years, from £2 billion in 1900 to £4 billion in 1913. [121] Britain had built up a vast reserve of overseas credits in its formal Empire, as well as in its informal empire in Latin America and other nations. The British held huge financial holdings in the United States, especially in railways.
The welfare state of the United Kingdom began to evolve in the 1900s and early 1910s, and comprises expenditures by the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland intended to improve health, education, employment and social security. The British system has been classified as a liberal welfare state system. [1]
The origins of the British welfare state: social welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945 (Palgrave, 2004). Häusermann, Silja, Georg Picot, and Dominik Geering. "Review article: Rethinking party politics and the welfare state–recent advances in the literature." British Journal of Political Science 43#1 (2013): 221–240. online; Hawkins, Alun.
The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–1909 was a body set up by the British Parliament in order to investigate how the Poor Law system should be changed. The commission included Poor Law Guardians , members of the Charity Organisation Society , members of local government boards as well as the social researchers ...
1905 - Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09 set up by the outgoing Conservative government.; 1906 - The Liberal Government is elected and begins an ambitious programme of welfare reforms.