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A spot test in lichenology is a spot analysis used to help identify lichens.It is performed by placing a drop of a chemical reagent on different parts of the lichen and noting the colour change (or lack thereof) associated with application of the chemical.
These fungi show varying levels of host specificity, with some species restricted to a single lichen genus or species, while others can colonise multiple hosts. A unique subset, known as lichenicolous lichens, initiates its lifecycle as parasites but eventually becomes lichenised through a process called kleptosymbiosis .
Edible lichens are lichens that have a cultural history of use as a food. Although almost all lichen are edible (with some notable poisonous exceptions like the wolf lichen , powdered sunshine lichen , and the ground lichen [ 1 ] ), not all have a cultural history of usage as an edible lichen.
Methods for species identification include reference to single-access keys on lichens. An example reference work is Lichens of North America (2001) by Irwin M. Brodo , Sylvia Sharnoff and Stephen Sharnoff and that book's 2016 expansion, Keys to Lichens of North America: Revised and Expanded by the same three authors joined by Susan Laurie-Bourque .
With the exception of calicioid lichens, lichen growth forms are based on the appearance of the thallus, which is the vegetative (non-reproductive) part of the lichen. [5] In most species, this form is determined by the lichen's fungal partner, though in a small number, it is instead the alga or cyanobacteria (the lichen's photosynthetic ...
The lichen's reproductive structures, or ascomata, are usually brightly coloured, and typically in the form of an apothecium – a wide, open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped fruit body. In most species, these apotheciate ascomata have a lecanorine form, in which the apothecial disc is surrounded by a pale rim of tissue known as a thalline margin.
Arthonia radiata is a crustose lichen with an immersed thallus, often separated from its surroundings by a thin brown line.The thallus is typically pale, ranging from white to pale grey, sometimes with a brown or olive tinge, and often forms a mosaic-like pattern on its substrate.
Letharia vulpina, a species of fruticose lichen. A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure.It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts. [1]