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Binet warned that results from his test should not be assumed to measure innate intelligence or used to label individuals permanently. [40] In 1916 Binet's test was translated into English and revised by Lewis Terman (who introduced IQ scoring for the test results) and published under the name Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales. Terman wrote ...
Lobbying is a form of advocacy, which lawfully attempts to directly influence legislators or government officials, such as regulatory agencies or judiciary. [1] Lobbying involves direct, face-to-face contact and is carried out by various entities, including individuals acting as voters, constituents, or private citizens, corporations pursuing their business interests, nonprofits and NGOs ...
Lobbying depends on cultivating personal relationships over many years. Photo: Lobbyist Tony Podesta (left) with former Senator Kay Hagan (center) and her husband.. Generally, lobbyists focus on trying to persuade decision-makers: Congress, executive branch agencies such as the Treasury Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission, [16] the Supreme Court, [17] and state governments ...
Money spent on lobbying increased from "tens of millions to billions a year," by one estimate. [22] In 1975, total revenue of Washington lobbyists was less than $100 million; by 2006, it exceeded $2.5 billion. [23] Lobbyists such as Cassidy became millionaires while issues multiplied, and other practitioners became similarly wealthy. [22]
Prohibits lobbyists from providing gifts or travel to Members of Congress with knowledge that the gift or travel is in violation of House or Senate Rules. Full public disclosure of lobbying activity. Requires lobbyist disclosure filings to be filed twice as often, by decreasing the time between filing from semi-annual to quarterly.
§ 308: Registration of Lobbyists With Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House "(a) Any person who shall engage himself for pay or for any consideration for the purpose of attempting to influence the passage or defeat of any legislation by the Congress of the United States shall, before doing anything in furtherance of such object, register with the Clerk of the House of Representatives ...
Researchers have investigated the relationship between race and genetics as part of efforts to understand how biology may or may not contribute to human racial categorization. Today, the consensus among scientists is that race is a social construct , and that using it as a proxy for genetic differences among populations is misleading.
Lobbying in the United States is not restricted to commercial or private interests. The executive branch of the government also lobbies Congress (the federal government's legislative branch ) to influence the passing of treaties.