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Pseudocode resembles skeleton programs, which can be compiled without errors. Flowcharts, drakon-charts and Unified Modelling Language (UML) charts can be thought of as a graphical alternative to pseudocode, but need more space on paper. Languages such as bridge the gap between pseudocode and code written in programming languages.
Often pseudo-code is used, which uses the common idioms of such languages without strictly adhering to the details of a particular one. Also, flowcharts are not well-suited for new programming techniques such as recursive programming. Nevertheless, flowcharts were still used in the early 21st century for describing computer algorithms. [9]
Example of a Nassi–Shneiderman diagram. A Nassi–Shneiderman diagram (NSD) in computer programming is a graphical design representation for structured programming. [1] This type of diagram was developed in 1972 by Isaac Nassi and Ben Shneiderman who were both graduate students at Stony Brook University. [2]
A process flow diagram describing the construction of a structure chart by a so-called Subject Matter Experts (SME). [2]According to Wolber (2009), "a structure chart can be developed starting with the creating of a structure, which places the root of an upside-down tree which forms the structure chart.
Pseudocode, flowcharts, drakon-charts, and control tables are structured expressions of algorithms that avoid common ambiguities of natural language. Programming languages are primarily for expressing algorithms in a computer-executable form, but are also used to define or document algorithms.
Activity diagrams [1] are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions [2] with support for choice, iteration, and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams are intended to model both computational and organizational processes (i.e., workflows), as well as the data flows intersecting with the related activities.
The structured program theorem, also called the Böhm–Jacopini theorem, [1] [2] is a result in programming language theory.It states that a class of control-flow graphs (historically called flowcharts in this context) can compute any computable function if it combines subprograms in only three specific ways (control structures).
The running time of this algorithm when run on a polyline consisting of n – 1 segments and n vertices is given by the recurrence T(n) = T(i + 1) + T(n − i) + O where i = 1, 2,..., n − 2 is the value of index in the pseudocode. In the worst case, i = 1 or i = n − 2 at each recursive invocation yields a running time of O(n 2).