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It has been suggested that the ideal human figure has its navel at the golden ratio (, about 1.618), dividing the body in the ratio of 0.618 to 0.382 (soles of feet to navel:navel to top of head) (1 ⁄ is -1, about 0.618) and Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man is cited as evidence. [23]
This study excluded subjects of mixed race, those with craniofacial deformities, and those who had previously received orthodontic treatment or had face surgery. The results showed that the golden ratio had no significant association with physical attractiveness. [367] [368]
The Greek Golden Ratio Phi (1.618) is a formula representing aesthetic harmony that has guided proportions in art and architecture for centuries, including in works by Leonardo Da Vinci. Dr.
Studies by psychologists, starting with Gustav Fechner c. 1876, [104] have been devised to test the idea that the golden ratio plays a role in human perception of beauty. While Fechner found a preference for rectangle ratios centered on the golden ratio, later attempts to carefully test such a hypothesis have been, at best, inconclusive. [105] [74]
The Human Face is a 4-part BBC series that examines the science behind facial beauty, expression, and fame. Actor and comedian John Cleese investigated identity , perception , creativity and sexuality and their relation to the human face , combining art , technology and human interest stories.
He took Leonardo's suggestion of the golden ratio in human proportions to an extreme: he sectioned his model human body's height at the navel with the two sections in golden ratio, then subdivided those sections in golden ratio at the knees and throat; he used these golden ratio proportions in the Modulor system. [47]
The book in which Le Corbusier proposes a system that uses units derivated from the human body and the golden ratio. The Modulor 2 . 1955 Scientific journals, courses and publications
Illustration of calculation of face-ism index on two crops of the Mona Lisa. The term "face-ism" or "facial prominence" was initially defined in a 1983 study in which facial prominence was measured by a "Face-ism index", which is the ratio of two linear measurements, with the distance (in millimeters or any other unit) from the top of the head to the lowest visible point of the chin being the ...