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  2. Surface (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(mathematics)

    A sphere is the surface of a solid ball, here having radius r. In mathematics, a surface is a mathematical model of the common concept of a surface.It is a generalization of a plane, but, unlike a plane, it may be curved; this is analogous to a curve generalizing a straight line.

  3. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  4. Surface (topology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_(topology)

    An open surface with x-, y-, and z-contours shown.. In the part of mathematics referred to as topology, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold.Some surfaces arise as the boundaries of three-dimensional solid figures; for example, the sphere is the boundary of the solid ball.

  5. Manifold - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold

    The Klein bottle immersed in three-dimensional space The surface of the Earth requires (at least) two charts to include every point. Here the globe is decomposed into charts around the North and South Poles. In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point.

  6. Ruled surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruled_surface

    Ruled surfaces appear in the Enriques classification of projective complex surfaces, because every algebraic surface of Kodaira dimension is a ruled surface (or a projective plane, if one uses the restrictive definition of ruled surface). Every minimal projective ruled surface other than the projective plane is the projective bundle of a 2 ...

  7. Differential geometry of surfaces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry_of...

    A surface is minimal if and only if its mean curvature vanishes. Minimal surfaces have a simple interpretation in real life: they are the shape a soap film will assume if a wire frame shaped like the curve is dipped into a soap solution and then carefully lifted out.

  8. Surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface

    A sphere is the surface of a solid ball, here having radius r. In mathematics, a surface is a mathematical model of the common concept of a surface. It is a generalization of a plane, but, unlike a plane, it may be curved; this is analogous to a curve generalizing a straight line.

  9. Sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere

    The sphere has constant mean curvature. The sphere is the only embedded surface that lacks boundary or singularities with constant positive mean curvature. Other such immersed surfaces as minimal surfaces have constant mean curvature. The sphere has constant positive Gaussian curvature. Gaussian curvature is the product of the two principal ...