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In the early phase of drug development, animal models were the only way of obtaining in vivo data that would predict the human pharmacokinetic responses. However, experiments on animals are lengthy, expensive and controversial. For example, animal models are often subjected to mechanical or chemical techniques that simulate human injuries.
Microelectronics is a subfield of electronics. As the name suggests, microelectronics relates to the study and manufacture (or microfabrication ) of very small electronic designs and components. Usually, but not always, this means micrometre-scale or smaller.
Simplified illustration of the process of fabrication of a CMOS inverter on p-type substrate in semiconductor microfabrication. Each etch step is detailed in the following image. The diagrams are not to scale, as in real devices, the gate, source, and drain contacts are not normally located in the same plane. Detail of an etch step.
Advantages of using paper for microfluidics and electrophoresis in bio-MEMS include its low cost, biodegradability, and natural wicking action. [3] A severe disadvantage of paper-based microfluidics is the dependency of the rate of wicking on environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. [18]
Microelectronics International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is published quarterly by Emerald Group Publishing , and the editor is John Atkinson . It covers research on miniaturized electronic devices, microcircuit engineering , semiconductor technology, and systems engineering .
Bioelectronics, specifically bio-molecular electronics, were described as 'the research and development of bio-inspired (i.e. self-assembly) inorganic and organic materials and of bio-inspired (i.e. massive parallelism) hardware architectures for the implementation of new information processing systems, sensors and actuators, and for molecular ...
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A parallel line of research seeks to create nanoelectronic devices which could interact with single cells for use in basic biological research. [21] These devices are called nanosensors. Such miniaturization on nanoelectronics towards in vivo proteomic sensing should enable new approaches for health monitoring, surveillance, and defense technology.