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Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
Elementary algebra, also known as high school algebra or college algebra, [1] ... If x and y are integers, rationals, or real numbers, then xy = 0 implies x = 0 or y = 0.
In mathematics, an algebra over a field (often simply called an algebra) is a vector space equipped with a bilinear product.Thus, an algebra is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with operations of multiplication and addition and scalar multiplication by elements of a field and satisfying the axioms implied by "vector space" and "bilinear".
A rational algebraic expression (or rational expression) is an algebraic expression that can be written as a quotient of polynomials, such as x 2 + 4x + 4. An irrational algebraic expression is one that is not rational, such as √ x + 4.
Fundamental theorem of algebra – states that every non-constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex number with an imaginary part equal to zero.
In plain text and programming languages, a slash (also called a solidus) is used, e.g. 3 / (x + 1). Exponents are usually formatted using superscripts, as in x 2. In plain text, the TeX mark-up language, and some programming languages such as MATLAB and Julia, the caret symbol, ^, represents exponents, so x 2 is written as x ^ 2.
2. Equivalence class: given an equivalence relation, [] often denotes the equivalence class of the element x. 3. Integral part: if x is a real number, [] often denotes the integral part or truncation of x, that is, the integer obtained by removing all digits after the decimal mark.
The group axioms can be phrased as universally quantified equations by specifying, in addition to the binary operation ∗, a nullary operation e and a unary operation ~, with ~x usually written as x −1. The axioms become: Associativity: x ∗ (y ∗ z) = (x ∗ y) ∗ z. Identity element: e ∗ x = x = x ∗ e; formally: ∀x. e∗x=x=x∗e.