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  2. Catalysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis

    Catalysis (/ k ə ˈ t æ l ə s ɪ s /) is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst [1] [2] (/ ˈ k æ t əl ɪ s t /). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. [ 3 ]

  3. Industrial catalysts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_catalysts

    The catalyst the industry use is a promoted iron catalyst, where the promoters can be K 2 O (potassium oxide), Al 2 O 3 (aluminium oxide) and CaO (calcium oxide) and the basic catalytic material is iron. The most common is to use fixed bed reactors for the synthesis catalyst.

  4. Fluid catalytic cracking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking

    A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.

  5. Catalytic cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_cycle

    Precatalysts are not catalysts but are precursors to catalysts. Precatalysts are converted in the reactor to the actual catalytic species. The identification of catalysts vs precatalysts is an important theme in catalysis research. The conversion of a precatalyst to a catalyst is often called catalyst activation.

  6. Catalytic reforming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_reforming

    Most catalysts require both sulphur and nitrogen content to be lower than 1 ppm. The activity (i.e., effectiveness) of the catalyst in a semi-regenerative catalytic reformer is reduced over time during operation by carbonaceous coke deposition and chloride loss. The activity of the catalyst can be periodically regenerated or restored by in situ ...

  7. Acid catalysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_catalysis

    In specific acid catalysis, protonated solvent is the catalyst. The reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the protonated solvent molecules SH +. [6] The acid catalyst itself (AH) only contributes to the rate acceleration by shifting the chemical equilibrium between solvent S and AH in favor of the SH + species. This kind of ...

  8. Catalytic oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_oxidation

    Typical catalysts are platinum, and redox-active oxides of iron, vanadium, and molybdenum. In many cases, catalysts are modified with a host of additives or promoters that enhance rates or selectivities. Important homogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds are carboxylates of cobalt, iron, and manganese

  9. Nanomaterial-based catalyst - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterial-based_catalyst

    Nanomaterial-based catalysts are usually heterogeneous catalysts broken up into metal nanoparticles in order to enhance the catalytic process. Metal nanoparticles have high surface area, which can increase catalytic activity. Nanoparticle catalysts can be easily separated and recycled.